Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: A Pillar in Modern Hindu Society

 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: Founding and History

On September 27, 1925, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was founded by Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar in Nagpur, India, marking a pivotal moment in the history of Hindu society. This date signifies the establishment of an organization that would grow to have a profound impact on the cultural and political landscape of India. The RSS was formed with a vision to promote the ideals of self-service and to strengthen Indian-ness Hindu society against declines in moral and cultural values. Initially, its objectives focused on character building through Hindu philosophy, promoting physical fitness, and fostering a sense of unity among Hindus.

Historical Background Genesis of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

The foundation of the RSS was a direct response to the sociopolitical challenges of the time, an era marked by both nationalistic zeal and communal strife.

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh emerged in 1925 against a complex backdrop of nationalistic fervor and communal tensions in pre-independent India. Its founder, Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, was a deeply involved figure in the freedom struggle, having been influenced by the revolutionary activities in Bengal and the fierce nationalism of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Despite his initial engagement with mainstream politics and participation in the Congress, Hedgewar grew increasingly disenchanted with the direction of the Indian freedom movement under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership. Several aspects of Gandhi’s approach particularly troubled him:

Dictatorial Approach: Hedgewar felt that Gandhi’s strategies were often unilateral and did not adequately represent the diverse voices within the Congress. This centralization of decision-making was seen as stifling alternative strategies that could have been more inclusive of different societal needs and perspectives.

Support for the Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat Movement, aimed at restoring the caliphate in Turkey, was supported by Gandhi as a strategy to align Muslim support for the broader Indian freedom struggle. However, Hedgewar perceived this as a deviation from the core nationalist agenda, diverting attention from India’s primary aim of attaining independence to global Islamic politics.

Silence on Communal Violence: The period following the Khilafat Movement saw a rise in communal violence, notably the Moplah riots in Malabar, where atrocities were committed against Hindus. Gandhi’s perceived silence and inadequate response to these incidents further alienated Hedgewar, who felt that the concerns of the Hindu community were being neglected.

Muslim Appeasement: Hedgewar was critical of what he saw as Gandhi’s appeasement of Muslim factions within the freedom movement, which he believed compromised the interests and security of Hindus. This appeasement was seen in various political decisions that, according to Hedgewar, prioritized minority appeasement over national unity and integrity.

Confronted with these issues and feeling that the national movement under Gandhi was not adequately addressing the socio-political security of Indians, particularly, Hindus, Hedgewar found himself compelled to establish an organization dedicated to the cultural and nationalistic revitalization of the Hindu community. This led to the birth of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1925, envisioned as a platform to foster a strong sense of unity and nationalistic fervour among Hindus, preparing them for an active role in the freedom movement and ensuring their interests were robustly represented in the evolving political landscape of India.

His vision for the RSS was shaped by the belief that strong moral and cultural foundations were essential for the regeneration of India and the Hindu society. He emphasized the importance of an organization that could work at the grassroots, fostering a sense of brotherhood and national pride.

Biography of Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar

Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar’s decision to found the RSS was not made in isolation. Emerging from the fervent nationalism and complex political landscape of early 20th-century India, his personal journey offers crucial insights into the motivations behind this pivotal movement.

Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, born on April 1, 1889, in Nagpur, was a key figure in the Indian independence movement before founding the RSS. Trained as a physician, Hedgewar was deeply influenced by his interactions with prominent nationalists and his participation in movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement. It is said that he went to study medicine in Kolkata to get association with the revolutionaries who fought for Indian Independence. However, he felt that political actions alone were insufficient to build the strong foundation that Indian society needed. This led him to envision an organization that operated beyond the typical political framework, focusing instead on cultural and social rejuvenation. Dr. Hedgewar’s leadership and commitment to his vision were instrumental in laying the groundwork for what the RSS would eventually become—a major influence in shaping the discourse around Hindu identity in contemporary India.

RSS’s Philosophy and Core Beliefs

Dr. Hedgewar’s vision and leadership naturally extended into the core philosophy of the RSS, which was crafted around the principles of unity and Indian-ness that he so valued.

The ideological underpinnings of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh are deeply rooted in the concept of “Indian-ness,” rather than the commonly believed notion of ‘Hindutva’ or “Hinduness.” This perspective seeks to define Indian culture and history as it has existed for thousands of years. This philosophy advocates for an inclusive cultural nationalism that encompasses all Indians who identify with the Indian heritage and value system, irrespective of their religious and cultural diversity. The vision of a Hindu Rashtra (Hindu nation) is not about creating a theocratic state but rather emphasizes fostering a strong sense of national identity based on Indian heritage and value system.

At its core, the RSS interprets Hinduism not just as a religion, but as a broader civilizational spirit that has the potential to unify the Indian society. Its teachings in the modern context are focused on revitalizing and promoting traditional Indian cultural practices that align with contemporary needs for social and civic responsibility, particularly targeting Hindus who are gradually moving away from these traditions. The RSS aims to inculcate values such as discipline, patriotism, and selfless service through its daily ‘shakhas’ (branches), which serve as community workshops for cultural education.

Influence on Contemporary Hindu Society

This foundational philosophy has not only shaped the RSS’s ideals but has also profoundly influenced its tangible impact on Indian society over the decades.

Founded about a century ago, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has become a significant influence in Indian society, including among Hindus. Despite not accepting donations in any form from anyone outside its membership, and being funded only by its members—specifically on Guru Purnima day each year—the RSS operates with limited financial resources. This funding model, while restricting the Sangh’s growth in an environment where monetary resources often drive activity, has ensured that the quality of its membership remains high.

It would be clearer if you say, “As a primarily social service organization aimed at revitalizing Hindu culture in the context of rich Indian history, the RSS has a considerable impact on societal structures. It is actively involved in providing support during times of need such as natural disasters, wars, and other emergencies. Despite its relatively small membership, the RSS’s commitment to social service allows it to wield a large influence on society at large.

Socially and culturally, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has played a pivotal role in mobilizing community development initiatives across the country. The organization has established numerous schools that provide education grounded in moral values as derived from Hindu philosophy. Beyond education, the RSS has also founded hundreds of NGOs, reflecting its extensive reach and commitment to various causes. A representative list is annexed here.

Historically, the RSS has been a crucial support system during significant national crises. During the 1947 partition, it was a solace to millions of Hindus who had to flee Pakistan, helping them resettle and rebuild their lives in new environments. RSS volunteers have consistently been at the forefront during wars, donating blood in hospitals to treat soldiers and providing emergency services. For instance, in 1948, when Pakistan attacked Kashmir, a large number of RSS volunteers were quickly trained by the Army to assist in the conflict.

The Sangh’s involvement was also notable during the 1962 war with China, where volunteers participated in both civil and military roles. Similarly, during the Indo-Pak war in 1965, which lasted for 22 days, RSS volunteers efficiently managed emergency services in the capital, including traffic, water, and electricity supply, and performed staff functions for the military. This level of involvement showcases the RSS’s dedication to national service, particularly in times of dire need.

The influence of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh on contemporary Hindu society is multifaceted, impacting social, cultural, and political dimensions. Politically, the RSS has played a significant role in shaping the policies and ideologies of several mainstream political parties, most notably the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which has governed India for multiple terms. The organization’s emphasis on cultural nationalism has contributed to a resurgence of interest in Hindu heritage and practices among Indian youth.

Examples of the RSS’s community involvement include running the Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation, which focuses on education for tribal and rural children across India, and the Seva Bharati, which conducts health and vocational training programs in urban and rural areas. These initiatives demonstrate the RSS’s commitment to fostering societal development through a framework of Hindu values, emphasizing service and education as pillars for building a strong and cohesive nation.

The RSS as a Silent Worker

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is often perceived as a shadow influencer in Indian politics and society, but its most significant contributions perhaps lie in its silent, grassroots work which rarely seeks the spotlight. The organization’s approach to social work and community service is underpinned by the principle of ‘seva’ (service) which is considered an essential duty in Hindu philosophy. This duty is carried out without any expectation of recognition or reward, reflecting the ethos of selflessness that the RSS endeavors to instill in its members.

Specific instances where the RSS has demonstrated its role as a silent worker include disaster response scenarios. For example, during the 2001 Gujarat earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, RSS volunteers were among the first responders, providing aid and assistance to affected populations. They engaged in activities ranging from clearing debris and constructing temporary shelters to setting up food and medical camps. These efforts often go unpublicized, aligning with the organization’s focus on duty over recognition. The image of RSS workers supporting flood victims, most of whom were Muslims, in Kerala during July 2024 went viral on social media, serving as the most recent example of the organization’s involvement in humanitarian efforts.

Another example is the RSS’s involvement in rural development through initiatives like the Rashtriya Sewa Bharati, which undertakes health, education, and vocational training programs in remote areas. These programs are designed to empower underprivileged communities, fostering sustainable development without seeking external accolades for their contributions.

Exclusive Insights

While the RSS’s broader contributions often go unnoticed, a closer look at the day-to-day activities within a shakha reveals the grassroots efforts that drive its mission.

Exclusive Insights: Personal Observations from Inside the RSS

As a volunteer with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, I’ve had the opportunity to closely observe the workings of a typical shakha, which is the foundational unit and primary meeting ground for all volunteers. Here’s an inside look at a typical session:

Opening Rituals: The shakha sessions begin punctually with the hoisting of the RSS flag, followed by a salutation that is treated with the utmost respect, as it symbolizes the guiding spirit of the Sangh. This ritual underscores the discipline and reverence embedded within the RSS’s activities.

Physical Activities: After the opening, the volunteers file in for approximately 40 minutes of games or physical exercises. These activities are crucial as they incorporate traditional practices such as the use of a baton for martial arts to enhance flexibility and the performance of Surya Namaskar. These exercises are considered essential for physical well-being and are a mandatory part of the shakha routine. Below are some candid snapshots and videos from a local shakha session, showcasing these activities in their raw and unembellished form.

Discussion and Learning: Post physical activities, the session transitions to a sit-down discussion in the lotus pose, where daily happenings, neighborhood events, or spiritual teachings are shared. This is followed by the ‘Amritvachan’ and patriotic songs that reinforce ideals of nationalism and ethical conduct. These songs and teachings are part of the monthly ‘Shakha Pustika,’ distributed by the local RSS management.

Community and Social Interaction: Beyond the regular shakha activities, there are organized social interactions such as family dinners or local tours, which aim to strengthen community bonds among the volunteers and their families. Higher-level meetings are also convened where selected members discuss local policies and directives from the RSS headquarters.

Special Assemblies and Training: Occasionally, special meetings that involve multiple shakhas are held to ensure a unified understanding of the RSS’s processes and systems. Advancement within the organization requires participation in structured training programs, which are categorized into four distinct levels.

The first geet that greeted me into the Sangh was Naa ho sath koi. One can open the video and see the contents.

What happens within a shakha can be seen by any passerby as the shakhas are held in public areas and open grounds. In addition one can visit this blog: RSS Shakha Blog to see what happens within a shakha

Concluding Thoughts

In my experience, the teachings within the RSS shakhas focus on fostering a deep appreciation for India’s rich cultural heritage, rather than religious indoctrination or promoting hostility towards non-Hindus. The RSS is inclusive in its approach, welcoming anyone who respects and values India’s diverse legacy. Importantly, there is a strict adherence to non-violence, with no endorsement or support for violent actions.

Key to Survival for 100 Years

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has demonstrated remarkable longevity over the past century, attributed to its adaptability, deep-rooted organizational discipline, and unwavering commitment to its core principles. Despite its inherent rigidity and inflexibility, the RSS has successfully evolved in response to India’s dynamic social, political, and economic landscapes, while maintaining the essence of its foundational ideology.

Adaptability and Evolution

While the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is often perceived as a rigid and traditional organization, it has shown some degree of adaptability within the scope of its foundational ideology. The organization has made efforts to address contemporary issues that align with its core objectives, such as economic development and national security, which resonate with a broader segment of the Indian populace. However, these adaptations are carefully balanced to ensure they do not stray from the RSS’s primary goals. This approach has allowed the RSS to maintain relevance within its follower base while facing criticism and scrutiny from its detractors.

Organizational Discipline

The structured and hierarchical nature of the RSS, emphasizing discipline and rigorous training, has fostered a sense of loyalty and dedication among its members. This disciplined approach extends beyond physical regimens to include intellectual and spiritual education, instilling a deep-set belief in the organization’s goals and methodologies.

Core Principles and Ideological Commitment

At its core, the RSS has steadfastly held to the vision of strengthening Hindu society and nurturing a sense of nationalism among Indians. This unwavering commitment to its ideology has not only galvanized its base but also attracted successive generations of Indians who resonate with the RSS’s vision of India.

Community Engagement

The RSS has ensured its survival and relevance through extensive community engagement. Actively involved in education, disaster relief, and social welfare, the organization has built a positive image that sometimes contrasts with the controversies surrounding it. Such activities have allowed the RSS to maintain a grassroots presence and subtly influence public opinion.

The combination of these factors has not only enabled the RSS to survive but to thrive, growing from a small group to a major cultural and political force in India. As it moves past its centennial, the RSS’s ability to sustain this balance will likely determine its future trajectory and impact on Indian society.

Criticisms and Controversies

Despite its extensive social and community services, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has faced various criticisms and controversies over the years.

Comparing Hinduism to ISIS and Boko Haram

Salman Khurshed, a Supreme Court Lawyer, former Union Minister and a member of Indian National Congress. in his book says “Sunrise over Ayodhya” has concluded as under:

• “Hindutva is same as ISIS and Boko Haram”
• “Hinduims pushed aside by robust Hindutva”
• “BJP at centre emboldens right wing”
• “Ayodhya is about one religion trumping another”
• “Sanatan dharma and classical Hinduism known to sages and saints was being pushed aside by a robust version of Hinduism, by all standards a political version similar to the jihadist Islam of groups like ISIS and Boko Haram of recent years.”

Counterpoint

There is no term such as Hindutva as used by the politician turned author except by his political colleagues who, for political reasons have deformed the term Hinduism to find reasons to criticize RSS and BJP.

Hinduism, a philosophy that has evolved over 5000 years, has historically been peaceful and liberal, coexisting with various faiths such as Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism for over 1500 years. This enduring harmony starkly contrasts with the divisive narratives often associated with it. It is also in sharp contrast to the religion that the author follows.

Veer Savarkar, a prominent figure in defining the ideological contours of Hinduism, provided a comprehensive its definition that remains unchallenged to this day.

Based on this background the counter can be summarized as under:

Ideological Foundations:

• Hindutva: Defined by V.D. Savarkar, it emphasizes cultural nationalism centered around Hindu values but does not inherently call for violence or suppression of other religions. It aims to unify people of India under the broader banner of a common nationhood that transcends individual religious and cultural identities. His interpretation emphasizes Hindu cultural identity and Indian nationalism, distinct from the divisive portrayals often seen in political discourse.
• ISIS/Boko Haram: These groups are based on radical interpretations of Islam, advocating for violent jihad against all non-believers and aiming to establish a caliphate governed strictly by their interpretation of Sharia law. They also target believers who deviate from their extreme philosophy, as exemplified by Boko Haram, which translates to “Western education is forbidden” and commits violence against those they deem non-conformist. Interestingly, this radical approach finds a parallel in the extremist rhetoric sometimes used by the colleagues and fellow politicians of the author, which also seeks to divide rather than unite.

Operational Methods:

• Hindutva Groups:
  • There is no such term as “Hindutva” as defined by the author; it was coined by his political colleagues for political gains, aiming to differentiate it from Hinduism with the sole purpose of likening it to extremist elements within Islam. This political maneuver serves to create a divisive comparison that is not rooted in the true principles or historical practice of Hinduism.
  • While there have been isolated incidents of violence linked to individuals or groups identifying with Hindus or organizations, these incidents do not represent the ideology as a whole. Mainstream Hindu representation, notably by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), engages in democratic processes. The RSS, in particular, functions as a social service organization that serves all Indians, including Muslims and members of other religions.
• ISIS/Boko Haram: Characterized by systematic acts of terror, groups like ISIS and Boko Haram engage in suicide bombings, mass killings, and beheadings to instill fear and establish control. These groups target both believers and non-believers with equal zeal, aiming to enforce their radical interpretations on all individuals within their reach.

Impact on Society:

• Hindus: The impact of Hindus on society is multifaceted, with significant contributions to education and social sectors in some areas.It has also faced critiques for allegedly fostering communal tensions, often without substantial evidence to support these claims.
• ISIS/Boko Haram: The impact is overwhelmingly negative, causing widespread societal disruption, displacement of populations, and severe human rights violations across multiple countries.

4. Political Engagement and Legitimacy:

• Hindus: Engages within the framework of India’s democratic and constitutional structure, with political representation through the BJP, which has been part of India’s democratic process for decades.
• ISIS/Boko Haram: Operate outside any legitimate political system, seeking to dismantle existing state structures through violent means.

Global Perception and Response:

• Hindus: While it has its critics and supporters internationally, it is generally viewed through the lens of a nationalist movement within a democratic framework.
• ISIS/Boko Haram: Universally condemned as terrorist organizations by the global community, including the United Nations and governments worldwide.

This effectively summarizes the claims as made by Mr Khurshed in his book and a counter view to it.

Polarizing Organization in Indian Politics

The RSS has been a polarizing figure in Indian politics and social life. It has faced accusations of promoting a Hindu nationalist agenda, which critics argue contributes to communal tensions.

However, supporters of the RSS argue that it primarily promotes cultural nationalism and works towards the betterment of society through various social service initiatives.

Claims of Non-Violence:

Historical Documentation: Throughout its history, there have been several incidents where RSS members have been victims of violence. Notably, during the partition of India, RSS volunteers engaged in relief activities reportedly faced attacks in various regions.

Contemporary Incidents: In various communal riots and conflicts, RSS members have been on the receiving end of violence. For instance, during the Kerala political clashes, RSS members have been targets of attacks reportedly carried out by members of other political and religious groups.

Allegations of Provoking Violence:

Official Records and Accusations: The RSS has been banned multiple times in post-independence India, with bans typically following incidents of communal violence where the organization was alleged to have played a role. However, it is important to note that in many cases, subsequent investigations and legal proceedings have not conclusively proven organizational complicity in such violence.

Judicial Findings: In instances where the courts have investigated allegations of RSS involvement in riots or violent incidents, there have been cases where members were acquitted due to lack of evidence proving organized violence orchestrated by the RSS.

Political Influence

Critics of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) often point to its influence on the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as evidence of its undermining democratic processes and promoting a singular cultural narrative. The concern here is that the RSS’s deep-rooted presence in Indian politics could lead to the imposition of a homogeneous cultural identity at the expense of India’s diversity.

Counterpoints Supported by Historical Facts and Analysis:

Legal and Constitutional Framework:

Democratic Engagement: The RSS’s engagement with a political entity like the BJP does not inherently contravene democratic principles. In democratic systems, various interest groups, including trade unions, religious organizations, and civil society groups, routinely influence political parties and their policies. This is a standard feature of pluralistic democracies where diverse groups seek to promote their views and interests within the legal framework.

Constitutional Rights: The RSS, like any other organization, operates within the rights granted by the Indian Constitution, which includes the right to association and the right to political participation. Its support for the BJP is an exercise of these rights, akin to how other organizations support political parties that align with their views.

Political Influence and Policy Impact:

Policy Influence vs. Policy Control: While the RSS does influence BJP’s policies, this influence is not synonymous with control. The BJP, as an elected entity, remains accountable to a broader electorate and must balance various interests, including those that may not always align with the RSS’s vision.

Diversity in Policy: Examination of BJP’s policy decisions shows a range of influences that go beyond the RSS’s ideological framework. Economic reforms, foreign policy, and social welfare initiatives under BJP rule often involve inputs from experts, international stakeholders, and other political factions within the party, suggesting a multifaceted policy-making process.

Cultural Narrative and Social Fabric:

Cultural Advocacy vs. Cultural Imposition: Advocating for a cultural narrative is not the same as imposing it. The RSS promotes its version of cultural nationalism, but India’s diverse social fabric includes numerous other narratives, each supported by different groups. The existence of a vigorous public sphere and free press ensures ongoing debates and contestations of various narratives.

Evidences of Pluralism: Despite the RSS’s influence, India continues to celebrate a vast array of cultural, religious, and regional diversities, as evident in public policies, festivals, state-supported programs, and the media. This pluralism, supported by constitutional safeguards, counters the argument that RSS’s influence singularly shapes India’s social or cultural policies.

Controversy Related to “Babri Masjid” Demolition

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has been repeatedly implicated in episodes of communal violence, with significant accusations pointing to its alleged participation in the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition and the riots that followed. These events have intensified scrutiny of the RSS’s role in either fostering or exacerbating communal discord in India.

Counterpoints Supported by Judicial Findings and Organizational Response:

Judicial Outcomes and Accountability:

Legal Proceedings: Following the demolition of the Babri Masjid, various members of political and social organizations, including the RSS, were subject to legal scrutiny. The long judicial process aimed to determine the culpability of individuals and organizations involved. In the landmark judgment of September 2020, the court acquitted all accused, including those linked to the RSS, citing insufficient evidence to prove their direct involvement in the demolition. Additionally, there is no evidence to suggest that weapons, batons, or other means were used to cause harm to people or property.

RSS’s Official Stance: The RSS has officially distanced itself from acts of violence, asserting that its aim is to promote Hindu culture while fostering unity and national integrity. The organization condemns violence and encourages its members to engage in peaceful and constructive activities. Historically, it is important to note that the demolition of the disputed structure was carried out by karsevaks, who were not affiliated with any specific organization.

Role in National Integration versus Communal Discord:

Promotion of Unity: The RSS claims to work towards national integration by reinforcing a sense of pride in India’s heritage. This includes organizing community programs that aim to bridge cultural and religious divides.

Community Services and Relief Efforts: Beyond political activism, the RSS’s extensive involvement in social services during disasters and crises serves communities irrespective of their religious backgrounds. This includes aid during natural disasters, blood donation camps, and health services, which support its narrative of contributing positively to national cohesion. Importantly, this assistance is provided without regard to the religious identity of the recipients.

Public Perception and Media Representation:

Media and Public Discourse: The RSS’s involvement in controversial events often receives significant media attention, which shapes public perception. However, the portrayal in media can sometimes be polarized, influenced by political biases. It’s crucial to differentiate between media representation and ground realities, which can be more complex.

In addressing these criticisms, the range of perspectives within India remains broad: supporters commend the RSS for its efforts to preserve and enrich Hindu culture and identity, while critics warn of its potential to disrupt social harmony and political diversity. This ongoing debate underscores the deeper national challenge of navigating the intricate balance between preserving heritage and embracing modernity in a rapidly evolving Indian landscape.

RSS’s Role in Modern Political Movements

The legacy of the RSS during key historical events has set the stage for its evolving influence in contemporary politics, particularly in how it has shaped the policies and direction of major political parties like the BJP

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of modern political movements in India. Since its inception, the RSS has significantly influenced India’s political landscape, serving as an ideological foundation for parties advocating Hindu nationalism, most notably the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). This symbiotic relationship between the BJP and the RSS has facilitated the infusion of the latter’s philosophies into various levels of government, impacting policy-making and governance with an emphasis on what is perceived as traditional Hindu values.

Beyond party politics, the RSS has been instrumental in pivotal national movements, such as the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, which notably led to the controversial demolition of the Babri Masjid and the subsequent construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya. These events highlight the RSS’s capacity to mobilize and direct socio-political discourse in India, often guiding national conversations towards issues of religion, heritage, and nationalism. This involvement has not only shaped political policies but has also played a crucial role in defining the cultural and religious dialogue within the country.

Conclusion

The enduring legacy of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in India is characterized by both deep-seated admiration and significant controversy. As a cultural force, the RSS has successfully galvanized a large segment of Hindu society, fostering a cohesive identity centered around Hindu philosophy and ideals. This influence is notably reflected in the elevated prominence of Hindu cultural celebrations and practices, as well as in the political ascendancy of ideologies that resonate with the RSS’s vision for India.

Reflecting on its current role and relevance, the RSS remains a pivotal entity in the ongoing debate between secularism and cultural nationalism within Indian society. As India continues to navigate the challenges of modernity and globalization, the RSS’s influence extends across political, social, and cultural domains, shaping public discourse and national identity.

Looking to the future, the trajectory of the RSS and its impact on Hinduism and the broader societal framework in India will undoubtedly continue to provoke significant debate. Key questions remain about how the organization will align its cultural ambitions with the pluralistic needs of a modern democracy and what implications this alignment may have for India’s secular constitution. As the nation evolves, so too will the RSS, potentially adapting to new realities while steadfastly upholding the ideals upon which it was founded. This ongoing evolution will likely keep the RSS at the forefront of discussions about India’s identity and path forward.

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Annexure

1. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), literally, Indian People’s Party(23m)
2. Bharatiya Kisan Sangh, literally, Indian Farmers’ Association(8m)
3. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, literally, Indian Labour Association(10 million as of 2009)
4. Seva Bharti, Organisation for service of the needy.
5. Rashtra Sevika Samiti, literally, National Volunteer Association for Women(1.8m)
6. Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, literally, All India Students’ Forum(2.8m)
7. Shiksha Bharati (2.1m)[167]
8. Vishwa Hindu Parishad, World Hindu Council(2.8m)
9. Bhartiya Baudh Sangh, Indian Buddhist Associatio
10. Bharatiya Yuva Seva Sangh (BYSS), Youth Awakening Front
11. Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh, literally, Hindu Volunteer Association – overseas wing
12. Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, Nativist Awakening Front
13. Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Nursery
14. Vidya Bharati, Educational Institutes
15. Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram (Ashram for the Tribal Welfare), Organisations for the improvement of tribals; and Friends of Tribals Society
16. Muslim Rashtriya Manch (Muslim National Forum), Organisation for the improvement of Muslims
17. Bajrang Dal, Army of Hanuman(2m)
18. Anusuchit Jati-Jamati Arakshan Bachao Parishad, Organisation for the improvement of Dalits
19. Laghu Udyog Bharati, an extensive network of small industries.
20. Bharatiya Vichara Kendra, Think Tank
21. Vishwa Samvad Kendra, Communication Wing, spread all over India for media related work, having a team of IT professionals (samvada.org)
22. Rashtriya Sikh Sangat, National Sikh Association, a sociocultural organisation with the aim to spread the knowledge of Gurbani to the Indian society.
23. Vivekananda Kendra, promotion of Swami Vivekananda’s ideas with Vivekananda International Foundation in New Delhi as a public policy think tank with six centres of study