Secular and Inclusive Values of Hindu Philosophy

1. Rigveda 1.89.1

This philosophy of openness and acceptance, integral to Sanatana Dharma, has historically facilitated India’s adaptation to diverse cultures and ideas, setting a precedent for modern secular policies. This context bridges us to the principles of the Bhagavad Gita, a key scripture in Sanatana Dharma, where similar values are explored in a different light.

Full Verse:

“आ नो॑ भ॒द्राः क्रत॑वो यन्तु वि॒श्वतोऽद॑ब्धासो॒ अप॑रीतास उ॒द्भिद॑:।
दे॒वा नो॒ यथा॒ सद॒मिद्वृ॒धे अस॒न्नप्रा॑युवो रक्षि॒तारो॑ दि॒वेदि॑वे ॥”

Translation (Hindi):

“हे विद्वानो! जैसे हम लोगों को सब ओर से कल्याण करने वाले जो विनाश को न प्राप्त हुए औरों ने जो न व्याप्त किये अर्थात् सब कामों से उत्तम जो दुःखों को विनाश करते वे यज्ञ वा बुद्धि बल अच्छे प्रकार प्राप्त हों जैसे हम लोगों की उस सभा को कि जिसमें स्थित होते हैं, प्राप्त हुए जिन की अवस्था नष्ट नहीं होती, वे पृथिवी आदि पदार्थों के समान विद्वान् जन ही प्रतिदिन वृद्धि के लिये पालना करने वाले हों, वैसा आचरण करो॥”

Translation (English): “Let noble thoughts come to us from every side.”

Operative Part:

“आ नो॑ भ॒द्राः क्रत॑वो यन्तु वि॒श्वत:”

Explanation: This verse encourages the acceptance of noble and righteous thoughts from all directions, promoting a universal mindset of openness and inclusivity, foundational to secular values.

Conclusion: By advocating for the reception of noble thoughts from every direction, this verse highlights the inclusive and secular ethos of Vedic teachings, emphasizing a broad-minded approach to life.

2. Bhagavad Gita 2.57

Transitioning from the universal acceptance advocated in the Rigveda, the Bhagavad Gita further elaborates on how such inclusivity is internalized in personal conduct, influencing societal harmony and individual resilience.

Full Verse:

“यः सर्वत्रानभिस्नेहस्तत्तत्प्राप्य शुभाशुभम्।
नाभिनन्दति न द्वेष्टि तस्य प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठिता।।”

Translation (Hindi):

“जो मुनि सर्वत्र अर्थात् शरीर जीवन आदितकमें भी स्नेहसे रहित हो चुका है तथा उनउन शुभ या अशुभको पाकर न प्रसन्न होता है और न द्वेष ही करता है अर्थात् शुभको पाकर प्रसन्न नहीं होता और अशुभको पाकर उसमें द्वेष नहीं करता। जो इस प्रकार हर्ष विषादसे रहित हो चुका है उसकी विवेकजनित बुद्धि प्रतिष्ठित होती है।”

Translation (English): “Those who are indifferent to good and evil, and who are not elated or angered by anything, have their wisdom firmly fixed.”

Operative Part:

“सर्वत्रानभिस्नेहस्तत्तत्प्राप्य शुभाशुभम्।”

Explanation: Advocating for equanimity and tolerance, this verse promotes a balanced view of life’s events, fundamental to secularism.

Conclusion: This verse’s emphasis on maintaining emotional and intellectual balance, regardless of external circumstances, aligns with secular principles of fairness and rationality.

The Gita’s emphasis on emotional balance and impartiality underscores the practical applications of these ancient texts in fostering a fair and equitable society, echoing the holistic inclusivity found in the Isha Upanishad.

3. Isha Upanishad 1

Building on the Gita’s teachings on balance, the Isha Upanishad introduces a cosmic perspective to inclusivity, extending respect and unity to all existence—a principle that has resonated through ages and influenced global philosophical dialogues.

Full Verse:

“ईशावास्यमिदं सर्वं यत्किञ्च जगत्यां जगत् ।
तेन त्यक्तेन भुञ्जीथा मा गृधः कस्य स्विद्धनम् ॥”

Translation (Hindi):

“इस जगत में जो कुछ भी है, वह सब ईश्वर में आविष्ट है। इसलिए त्याग के द्वारा जीवन यापन करो और किसी के धन के प्रति लोभ न करो।”

Translation (English): “Everything in the universe is enveloped by the Divine.”

Operative Part:

“ईशावास्यमिदं सर्वं यत्किञ्च जगत्यां जगत्।”

Explanation: By asserting that all of existence is under divine governance, this verse underscores a fundamental respect for all forms of life and beliefs, resonating with secular principles of inclusivity.

Conclusion: This idea encourages viewing the world as a unified whole where every entity is respected, promoting peace and understanding across different walks of life.

As we reflect on the Isha Upanishad’s view of a divinely integrated universe, it becomes evident how these ideas manifest in practical communal interactions, as seen in the collaborative spirit of the Rig Veda’s societal directives.

4. Rig Veda 10.191.2

Coming full circle, the Rig Veda encapsulates the communal aspect of these teachings, advocating for unity and shared purpose, which has historically enabled diverse communities to coexist peacefully in India.

Full Verse:

“सं गच्छध्वं सं वदध्वं सं वो मनांसि जानताम् |
देवा भागं यथा पूर्वे संजानाना उपासते ||”

Translation (Hindi):

“हे मनुष्यों, आपस में मिल-जुलकर रहो, एक स्वर में बात करो, और अपने मन को एक करो, जैसे प्राचीन देवता अपने हिस्से को साझा करते थे।”

Translation (English): “May you move in harmony, speak in one voice; let your minds be in agreement; just as the ancient gods shared their portion of sacrifice.”

Operative Part:

“सं गच्छध्वं सं वदध्वं सं वो मनांसि जानताम्।”

Explanation: Advocating for unity and collective well-being, this verse promotes a harmonious social order where all members are encouraged to contribute and share equally.

Conclusion: The call for unity and harmony among people reflects a secular approach to societal organization, emphasizing collective progress and mutual respect.

Other References

This principle of inclusiveness is not only a philosophical stance but a practical guide used in daily prayers and rituals that emphasize collective prosperity and peace. For instance, the mantra ‘ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः’ further illustrates this commitment to universal well-being, seamlessly connecting the ancient mantras to everyday spiritual practices.

ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः:

By examining how the ‘नः’ suffix promotes a collective focus, we can better understand the broad application of these principles in diverse spiritual contexts, leading to the formulation of prayers that seek peace and happiness for all beings without distinction

Full Prayer:

“ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः।
सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु मा कश्चिद्दुःखभाग्भवेत।
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः॥”

Translation (Hindi):

“सभी सुखी हों, सभी निरोगी हों, सभी मंगलमय घटनाओं के साक्षी बनें, और कोई भी दुःख का भागी न बने। ॐ शांति, शांति, शांति।”

Translation (English): “May all beings be happy, may all be healthy, may all experience auspicious events, and may no one suffer. Om peace, peace, peace.”

Explanation: This prayer emphasizes universal well-being and peace, underscoring the inclusivity and compassionate outlook of Hindu prayers.

This inclusive ethos is further encapsulated in the ancient Sanskrit phrase ‘वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्’, which extends the concept of well-being from individual and community to a global scale, advocating for a universal kinship.

वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्:

Transitioning from the individual and communal prayers to a global perspective, ‘वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्’ highlights how Vedic teachings scale their vision of peace and unity to encompass all of humanity, reflecting a profound commitment to global harmony.

Meaning: “The world is one family.”

Explanation: This phrase, originating from the Maha Upanishad, promotes the idea of global brotherhood and unity beyond boundaries, aligning with the secular principle of universal unity.

These verses from Hindu scriptures not only promote secular values but also encapsulate a broad, inclusive perspective, reflecting a sophisticated philosophical foundation that transcends mere religious ritual. They advocate for harmony, peace, and a universal outlook that respects and cherishes all life forms and views, embodying a profound moral and ethical framework that supports a cohesive and balanced society.

Summary Description

In Hinduism, major prayers, including those chanted during significant ceremonies, often contain the phrase “नः,” indicating inclusiveness and collective well-being. This inclusivity is evident in prayers like “ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः” and philosophical teachings such as “वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्.” These expressions and the underlying sentiments reinforce the universal and secular character of many Hindu teachings, emphasizing a worldview that sees humanity as a single, interconnected family.

The principles derived from the verses and mantras discussed reflect a deep-seated ethos of inclusivity, unity, and secular values within Hindu philosophy. These principles are not only theoretical ideals but are also meant to guide the conduct and mindset of individuals and societies. The compliance to these principles can be seen in various historical and contemporary examples of how Hindus have protected and given shelter to people of Abrahamic and other faiths. Here are some specific examples:

Historical Examples

1.       Protection and Flourishing of Abrahamic Faiths in India:

Jews in India:

Jews have had a presence in India for over 2,000 years, particularly in Kerala, where they were welcomed by Hindu kings. The Jewish community in Kerala, known as the Cochin Jews, thrived and built synagogues, including the Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi, which stands as a testament to this harmonious coexistence.

Christians in India:

Christianity arrived in India with the arrival of Saint Thomas the Apostle in the first century AD. The Saint Thomas Christians, or Nasranis, of Kerala have flourished alongside Hindus for centuries. This community has grown significantly and remains a vibrant part of Kerala’s social fabric.

2.      Muslims in India

The arrival of Islam in Kerala through Arab traders in the 7th century AD led to the establishment of a significant Muslim community. The Mappila Muslims of Kerala have integrated well into the local culture and have seen substantial growth over the centuries. They have contributed significantly to the socio-economic and cultural landscape of Kerala. Historical records show that Hindu rulers provided protection and support to Muslim traders and settlers, facilitating the construction of mosques and ensuring their religious freedom.

3.      Parsis in India

The Parsis, followers of Zoroastrianism, fled Persia (modern-day Iran) to escape religious persecution by Muslim invaders. They sought refuge in India around the 8th century AD. Hindu kings in Gujarat welcomed them, and the Parsis have since become a prosperous community in India, contributing significantly to the country’s economy, culture, and industry. They continue to thrive, particularly in cities like Mumbai.

Contemporary Examples

1.     Religious Harmony in Kerala:

Kerala remains a prime example of religious harmony, where Hindus, Christians, and Muslims live and thrive together. The state’s demographic data shows a significant population of Christians and Muslims who coexist peacefully with the Hindu majority.

The inclusive policies and cultural practices in Kerala have allowed these communities to grow. For example, Kerala’s Christian community is one of the largest in India, with various denominations and a well-established network of churches, schools, and hospitals.

2.     Celebration of Diverse Festivals:

Festivals of different religions are celebrated with equal enthusiasm in many parts of India. In Kerala, Hindu, Muslim, and Christian festivals like Onam, Eid, and Christmas are celebrated by people of all faiths, fostering a sense of community and mutual respect.

3.     Legal and Social Frameworks:

India’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion, allowing all religious communities to practice, propagate, and manage their affairs. This legal framework ensures the protection of all religious groups.

Various interfaith initiatives and dialogues continue to promote understanding and cooperation among different religious communities.

These examples highlight how Hindu principles of inclusivity and protection have been put into practice historically and continue to be relevant today. The flourishing of Abrahamic and other faith communities in India, such as Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Parsis, alongside Hindus, underscores the secular and inclusive ethos that is deeply embedded in Hindu philosophy. These communities have not only survived but thrived, often outgrowing the Hindu population in certain areas, as seen in Kerala.

Societal Influences and Addressing Criticisms

Influence on Current Societal Norms and Government Policies

The teachings of Hindu scriptures like the Rigveda and the Bhagavad Gita have woven themselves into the fabric of modern Indian society and governance. A notable concept from these texts, “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family), has prominently shaped India’s foreign policy, promoting a non-aligned and inclusive approach on the global stage. This approach aims to foster diplomatic relations based on mutual respect and understanding, transcending narrow nationalistic interests.

Criticism and Challenges

This policy, however, has faced criticism from nationalist perspectives, which argue that such an approach might compromise national interests by overly accommodating potentially unfriendly nations like Pakistan and China. Critics suggest that while the principle of universal brotherhood is noble, it may not always align with the practical necessities of realpolitik and national security. These criticisms highlight a tension between idealistic principles and pragmatic governance.

Media Criticism and Organizational Identity

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), which begins its day with the prayer “Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah” (may all be happy) and chants “Bharat Mata Ki Jai” (victory to Mother India), has often been labeled by international media and critics from the Muslim world as a right-wing Hindu organization. This designation stems from perceptions of its political influence and its advocacy for Hindu cultural primacy, grounded in the ethos of Sanatana Dharma, which some observers argue could foster communal divisions.

Unlike some groups in volatile regions, the RSS publicly disavows using crime as a means to achieve its objectives, focusing instead on cultural and nationalistic promotion within the framework of Indian democracy, inspired by principles of Sanatana Dharma. This stance opens up broader debates about the role of cultural identity in national politics and how such movements are perceived and portrayed both domestically and internationally.

Navigating the Complexities

These criticisms and the complexities they introduce necessitate a nuanced understanding and possibly a rethinking of how the principles of Sanatana Dharma are applied in contemporary sociopolitical contexts. Engaging with these ancient texts requires a careful balance—honoring their spiritual and moral teachings while pragmatically addressing the challenges of today’s globalized world.

This discussion underscores the importance of dialogue and adaptation as societies evolve and face new challenges. By critically examining these influences and criticisms, India can better navigate the interplay between traditional wisdom of Sanatana Dharma and modern governance needs, ensuring that policies reflect both ethical foundations and contemporary realities.

Summary Description

In Hinduism, major prayers, including those chanted during significant ceremonies, often contain the phrase “नः,” indicating inclusiveness and collective well-being—a fundamental aspect of Sanatana Dharma. This inclusivity is evident in prayers like “ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः” and philosophical teachings such as “वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्.” These expressions and the underlying sentiments reinforce the universal and secular character of many Hindu teachings, emphasizing a worldview that sees humanity as a single, interconnected family.

The principles of inclusivity and protection, central to Sanatana Dharma, are not merely theoretical but are reflected in the historical and contemporary examples of how Hindus have welcomed and supported people of different faiths, ensuring their growth and prosperity. This harmonious coexistence is a testament to the enduring relevance of these ancient teachings in fostering a peaceful and inclusive society.

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