Vedic Varna System: Unveiling its Impact on Architecture
Impact of Vedic Varna System
As a weekly feature on personal Reflections reserved for Sunday blog, I am, today, taking up a unique topic of impact of Vedic Varna system on Indian ancient Archicture an building construction. While writing blogs on Vedic Science’s contribution to architecture that ended up in 5 blogs, I realized that varna system has played a major role in the development and execution of ancient Indian temples and other structures and buildings. So I decided to share the experience in this blog.
The Vedic varna system, an intrinsic part of ancient Indian society, has profoundly influenced various facets of life, most notably architecture. This system, which classified society into four primary groups, facilitated a unique synthesis of skills and knowledge, paving the way for architectural innovations that have stood the test of time. This blog explores how the varna system not only shaped social order but also played a pivotal role in the architectural heritage of ancient India, producing structures that reflect the spiritual, cultural, and social ethos of their times.
Background of the Vedic Varna System
The Vedic varna system, a cornerstone of Hindu society, has its roots in the ancient Vedic scriptures. The Rigveda, one of the oldest Hindu texts, mentions the varna system as a means of organizing society into four distinct categories: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Each varna was assigned specific roles and responsibilities, ensuring a harmonious and efficient functioning of society.
The varna system was not a rigid caste system, but rather a flexible framework that allowed individuals to pursue their innate talents and interests.
Excellence through Class Excellence: The Vedic Culture’s Unique Approach
The Vedic culture, with its deep-rooted varna system based on qualifications, has been instrumental in fostering excellence in every sphere of human development. This achievement can be attributed to the holistic understanding of subjects and the involvement of the entire population. Varna System has been integral part in the journey of excellence.
Before we proceed, it’s essential to clarify a common misconception that there is no textual evidence to suggest that the ancient varna system was based on birth [Ref 5]. On the contrary, numerous texts and traditions demonstrate that varna was determined by an individual’s capabilities, profession, and actions. In fact, the scriptures emphasize that a Brahmin could be reduced to a Shudra due to their misdeeds, and vice versa. The examples of Maharishi Valmiki and Sutji, who read Shrimad Bhagwatam to congregation of Brahmins are live examples of rise to Brahmin. On the other hand, as per Manusmriti Critique of Ambedkar and Its Modern Relevance – Genuine Hindu Info Source birth is not a part of inheritance of caste:
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“Manusmriti counters the notion of an immutable caste determined at birth. Sloka 2.148 clearly states that being born into a family of a particular varna does not automatically confer the qualities or status of that varna on the individual. This sloka stresses that it is the intrinsic qualities and the fulfillment of specific duties that establish a person’s varna.”
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This nuanced understanding of the varna system reveals its role in facilitating a holistic approach to societal organization. By assigning individuals to roles that aligned with their natural talents and aptitudes, the varna system enabled specialization and innovation. This, in turn, led to remarkable advancements in various fields, including architecture, engineering, medicine, and philosophy.
The benefits of specialization are evident in the breathtaking artwork and carvings of the Brihadeshwar temple [Ref 1] , Ajanta caves [Ref 2], and Sun Temple [Ref 3]. Similarly, the construction of the Sri Venkateshwara Temple at Tirumala [Ref 4], which required lifting massive stones weighing around 8 tons, demonstrates the ingenuity and expertise that arose from this system.
Lord Vishwakarma, the revered architect who built Dwarka in the middle of the sea, exemplifies the ingenuity and skill of the mason class, which is categorized as Other Backward Class (OBC) today. The remnants of Dwarka still stand as a testament to his exceptional craftsmanship. Furthermore, millions of temples, spanning across ages and geographic expanse, were constructed by the clans of Lord Vishwakarma or the masonry varna, covering a vast area of Arya Desha, which encompassed large parts of Asia, from Iran in the west to present-day Philippines and Malaysia in the east.
While skilled masons and craftsmen executed the intricate artwork, the laborers who lifted and shifted heavy loads played a crucial role in the construction process. These laborers, classified as Shudras, possessed expertise in their profession that was on par with that of masons or Brahmins in their respective fields. This highlights the importance of recognizing the value and dignity of labor, regardless of one’s varna or profession.
The ancient Indian texts, Mayamata, Vishvakarma Vastu Shastra, and Brihat Samhita, emphasize the importance of holistic understanding and interconnectedness in architecture. This is indicated in these verses:
As noted in the Mayamata, “सर्वमेव हि भूतानि स्थापितानि विभूतयः । तेषां संनिधिमापन्नं कुर्यात् स्थापत्यमुत्तमम् ॥” Translation: “All beings are established as manifestations of prosperity. One should construct architecture in such a way that it harmonizes with these beings.”
The goal of Vedic architecture is to create structures that are not only beautiful and comfortable but also peaceful and beneficial to all beings. As the Brihat Samhita by Varahamihira notes, “गृहं सम्यक् प्रवेश्यं स्यात् सुखं भोग्यं च यत् । स्थितं च सर्वदा शान्तं सर्वभूतहितं तथा ॥” Translation: “A house should be properly entered, providing comfort, enjoyment, always peaceful, and beneficial for all beings.”
The references from the ancient texts demonstrate the significance of holistic understanding in Vedic architecture, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to building design as also to the value of the contribution of each class or varna in construction. These ancient texts offer a profound understanding of the interconnectedness of architecture, environment, and human well-being, encouraging us to adopt a more sustainable and harmonious approach to building design. This principle can be extrapolated to a cosmic level, underscoring the importance of all varnas coexisting, supporting each other, and thriving collectively as well as individually. This interdependence contrasts sharply with the critics’ view, which often portrays these relationships as inherently destructive.
In conclusion, the Vedic culture’s unique approach to knowledge, which emphasized holistic understanding and the involvement of the entire population, was instrumental in fostering excellence in every sphere of human development. The varna system, far from being a rigid and oppressive structure, facilitated this approach by assigning individuals to roles that aligned with their natural talents and aptitudes.
Survival Instinct of Hinduism
Compared to its peers Hinduism is the only culture that has survived the onslaught of aggression of other cultures and the test of times. We now see how some of the oldest civilizations vanished:
- Sumerians (c. 4500 BCE – 1900 BCE): Originating in Mesopotamia, the Sumerian civilization is renowned for inventing cuneiform script, the earliest form of writing. Their decline is attributed to a combination of internal strife, such as political fragmentation, and external pressures like invasions by neighboring groups like the Akkadians and Amorites.
- Ancient Egyptian Civilization (c. 3150 BCE – 30 BCE): Known for its pyramids and hieroglyphic writing, Egypt thrived for millennia before succumbing to a succession of foreign dominations, ending with the death of Cleopatra and Roman conquest.
- Ain Ghazal (c. 7250 BCE – 5000 BCE): Located in modern-day Jordan, this early farming community developed large statues and practiced agriculture. It is believed that environmental degradation and resource depletion contributed to its decline.
- Mycenaean Greece (c. 1600 BCE – 1100 BCE): Known for their involvement in the Trojan War mythos, the Mycenaeans’ civilization collapsed possibly due to widespread destruction and a decline in economic and administrative systems, which some theorize could have been caused by natural disasters or invasions.
In contract, Hindu culture, which originated with the Indus Valley Civilization from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE and spread across present-day Pakistan and major parts India, has endured to this day. This resilience has been tested by severe challenges, including violent invasions and forced conversions to Islam under duress, and destructive interference in its foundational culture and educational systems by British and other European powers, who attempted to impose Christianity through extensive missionary efforts and schools. Despite these adversities, Hindu culture has not only survived but continued to thrive.
Two key aspects of Hindu culture that have played key role in its endurance are its profound tradition of non-violence and the varna system. The varna system, in particular, has played a crucial role in maintaining the social fabric of Hindu society, akin to a modern-day complex industry shop floor with specialists managing different sections. Despite the distortions introduced during British rule for political reasons, the foundational principles of the varna system remain integral to the strength and resilience of Hindu culture, enabling it to adapt and thrive amidst ongoing challenges.
Hinduism’s resilience is a testament to its adaptive traditions and robust social frameworks. The varna system, in particular, has sustained the social fabric of Hindu society, functioning like a modern industrial floor where specialists manage different sections efficiently. This adaptability underscores Hinduism’s lasting relevance and vitality, emphasizing the varna system’s crucial role in its enduring survival.
Impact of the Varna System on Architecture
The resilience of Hinduism is reflected not only in its societal structures but also in its architectural legacy. The collaborative efforts of the varnas produced enduring monuments that symbolize both cultural survival and artistic excellence, showcasing how the varna system preserved and expressed Hindu values through architecture.
The Vedic varna system played a pivotal role in the development of Indian architecture. Each varna contributed its unique skills and expertise to the creation of magnificent structures that reflected the spiritual, cultural, and social values of Hindu society.
Brahmins: As the custodians of knowledge, Brahmins played a crucial role in designing temples, palaces, and other sacred structures. Their expertise in Vedic mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy ensured that these buildings were constructed in harmony with the cosmos.
Kshatriyas: As warriors and rulers, Kshatriyas commissioned and oversaw the construction of grand monuments, forts, and palaces. Their patronage enabled the development of innovative architectural styles and techniques.
Vaishyas: As merchants and traders, Vaishyas provided the financial resources and materials necessary for constructing grand structures. Their expertise in commerce and trade facilitated the exchange of ideas, skills, and materials between different regions.
Shudras: As artisans and craftsmen, Shudras brought their skills in stoneworking, carpentry, and other crafts to the construction of temples, palaces, and other buildings. Their attention to detail and mastery of traditional techniques ensured that these structures were not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing.
Like young athletes in modern sports who start their training in childhood to excel in their prime, children of artisans in ancient India began learning their crafts at a very young age. This early start was crucial for them to achieve expertise by their prime, enhancing their contributions to architectural projects.
Examples of the varna system’s impact on architecture can be seen in the magnificent temples of South India, the forts and palaces of Rajasthan, and the intricate carvings and sculptures that adorn these structures. The varna system’s emphasis on collaboration, specialization, and innovation enabled the creation of these architectural marvels, which continue to inspire wonder and awe today.
Criticism and Defense of the Varna System
While examining the influence of the varna system on Hindu architecture, it is essential to acknowledge the criticisms and controversies surrounding this ancient social framework. This section provides a concise overview of the criticisms leveled against the varna system and offers a defense of its original intent and purpose.
The Vedic varna system, as originally conceived, differs markedly from its contemporary application, which rigidly stratifies society based on birth [Ref 5] and has rightly drawn significant criticism. Critics accurately argue that this modern interpretation has relegated specific groups to lower societal tiers. In contrast, the original Vedic varna system was designed to be dynamic, promoting social mobility based on personal achievement and merit. This intended flexibility of the varna system’s scriptural blueprint stands in stark contrast to the static nature of today’s caste practices.
Critics argue that the varna system:
- Perpetuated social inequality by assigning certain groups to lower varnas
- Limited social mobility and opportunities for individuals born into lower varnas
- Sanctioned discrimination against certain groups, particularly the Shudras and Untouchables
On the other hand, Hindu scriptures and scholars offer a different perspective:
- The varna system was intended to promote social harmony and cooperation, not inequality and discrimination
- The system recognized individual talents and aptitudes, allowing individuals to pursue their natural inclinations
- Social mobility, both- upwards and downwards, was possible through individual effort and merit, as evidenced by numerous examples in Hindu scriptures
Scholars like Adi Shankaracharya and Swami Vivekananda have argued that the varna system was a means of promoting social cohesion and cooperation, rather than perpetuating inequality. They emphasize that the system was based on individual gunas (qualities) and karma (actions), rather than birth [Ref 5] or social status.
Relevance of Varna System in Vedic Architecture
The relevance of the varna system in Vedic architecture lies in its ability to channel specialized skills and collective efforts towards creating enduring architectural marvels. This system enabled collaboration among the varnas, where each group brought its expertise to the process. Brahmins contributed their knowledge of Vedic mathematics, astronomy, and cosmic alignment, ensuring structures were designed to harmonize with spiritual principles. Kshatriyas, as patrons, provided the leadership, resources, and protection required for large-scale construction projects. Vaishyas played a vital role in managing trade and securing materials, while Shudras, as master craftsmen and laborers, transformed these designs into reality with their intricate artistry and technical expertise.
This interdependence fostered a culture of specialization and innovation, which is evident in the grandeur of temples like Brihadeshwar, the intricate carvings of Ajanta, and the engineering brilliance of the Sun Temple. Far from being a rigid system, the varna framework exemplified a dynamic approach to societal organization, where collaboration and respect for each role contributed to monumental achievements. These structures not only reflect the technical prowess of ancient Indian society but also stand as living symbols of how the varna system unified diverse talents to create masterpieces of cultural and spiritual significance.
Reflections on Vedic Varna System
The influence varna system (as originally intended in the vedic texts that is based on merits unlike the contemporary caste system) influence on Hindu architecture is undeniable. By facilitating a division of labor that was both efficient and deeply integrated with spiritual and social values, the system fostered an environment ripe for architectural innovation. The resulting structures, from the majestic temples of South India to the fortified cities of Rajasthan, stand not only as testaments to the ingenuity and craftsmanship of ancient Indian society but also as lasting symbols of the varna system’s ability to unify diverse skills towards a common purpose. In understanding these architectural marvels, one gains insight into a system that, despite its criticisms, contributed immensely to cultural and social cohesion through the medium of architectural excellence.
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Glossary of Terms
- Vedic Varna System: An ancient societal framework mentioned in Vedic scriptures, organizing society into four groups based on roles and aptitudes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
- Brahmins: The intellectual and priestly class responsible for spiritual guidance, education, and preserving Vedic knowledge.
- Kshatriyas: The warrior and ruling class tasked with protecting the kingdom, maintaining law and order, and commissioning architectural projects.
- Vaishyas: The merchant and trade class, providing financial support, managing commerce, and supplying materials for construction.
- Shudras: The artisan and laborer class skilled in crafts, stone carving, and construction work, playing a key role in creating architectural marvels.
- Rigveda: One of the oldest Hindu scriptures, which lays the foundation of the varna system and societal organization.
- Vishvakarma: A revered deity and architect in Hindu historical texts, credited with designing divine structures and symbolizing craftsmanship and creativity.
- Mayamata: An ancient text on architecture and town planning that emphasizes harmonious design principles rooted in Vedic wisdom.
- Brihat Samhita: A classical Sanskrit text by Varahamihira, offering insights into architecture, astronomy, and other sciences, highlighting the connection between cosmic harmony and structural design.
- Temple Architecture: Structures built as places of worship in Hindu culture, showcasing intricate carvings, cosmic alignment, and collaborative efforts of the varnas.
- Cultural Resilience: The ability of Hindu culture to adapt, survive, and thrive despite historical invasions, disruptions, and external challenges.
Ref 1: Brihadeshwar temple
Oldest Indian Temples: Timeless Treasures of Spiritual Brilliance
Vedic Science Cultural Relevance in Architecture and Modern Applications II
Ref 2: Ajanta caves
Vedic Science Building Technology: Additional Texts and Evidence-II )
Ref 3: Sun Temple
Vedic Science Behind the Sun Temple of Konark
Vedic Maths Illustrated: The Sundial at Konark Sun Temple
Sun Temple: Vedic principles and Cosmic Connection
Sun Temple Konark Architecture: A Challenges to Modern Science-I
Sun Temple of Konarak: A Challenges to Modern Science-II )
Ref 4: Venkateshwara Temple at Tirumala
Lord Venkateswara Balaji Temple: An Architectural Marvels-IV
Ref 5: Texts to demonstrate that Varna is based on Karma or Profession
Sanatan Dharma and Caste Divide And Ramabai killings
Ambedkar’s Buddhist Conversion: Challenging Caste with New Faith
Manusmriti Critique of Ambedkar and Its Modern Relevance
Manusmriti Criticism: Unpacking Historical and Modern Contexts
Manusmriti: Unveiling Ancient Wisdom for Modern Times
Sanatan Dharma and Caste Evolution: Navigating the Pros and Cons
Caste Systems and Definition of Brahmin Analyzed
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